Microeconomics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics - Term Paper Example The various market structures that are discussed within microeconomics are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. One of the objectives of microeconomics is to analyze the mechanisms of market. Microeconomics sets up the relative prices amongst the services and the goods and allocates the available amount of limited resources among the alternative uses. Some of the significant fields of study under this branch of economics include asymmetric information, general equilibrium, game theory and choices under uncertainty. All wealth that fulfills the wants of consumers constitutes the wealth of a nation. Therefore, the aim behind expanding wealth is broadening the choices of the consumers in terms of quality, quantity and variety. Economists are involved in researches on the idea of free market with socially optimal allocation. The notion of competition constitutes the central part of economic theory. The objects of the choices available to the consumer are called the consumption bundle. The consumer has the objective of maximizing the well being. They are well informed about the availability of the goods in the market and desires variety in their consumption bundle. There are two sets of consumption bundles (x1, x2) and (y1, y2). The consumer ranks the availabilities according to their affordability. When the consumer is just satiated consuming the bundle of x goods as compared to the satisfaction he would have earned consuming the other bundle of y goods, according to his own preferences, then it is said that the consumer is indifferent. The axioms of consumer theory are complete, reflexive and transitive (Samuelson, 1956. p.3). The two axes represent a typical consumption pattern of goods 1 and 2. A consumption bundle (x1, x2) is offered along with the other bundles of consumption that are weakly preferred to the selected bundle. The other consumption bundles are called the weakly preferred sets. The indifference

Philosophy Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy Ethics - Essay Example Mill explained this rule with the aid of the principle of utility. According to this principle which is also sometimes referred to as the principle of happiness, for a person to be happy himself he should consider the happiness of others to be as important as his own happiness (Mills 1867). This philosophy of happiness was further explained by John Stuart Mill with the assistance of his theories by putting forward the rules of thumb. The reason for presenting these rules was that Mill argued that a person should not misunderstand the meaning of happiness. These rules were used by him to support the theory of maximizing happiness and provide an insight into the meaning of this principle. These rules encompass the aspects of this principle to cover the features and the characteristics which should be understood about it. The rules of thumb were to be always considered to reach to a proper conclusion as to what happiness actually is. According to these rules, it is through knowledge and learning that a person actually gets to know that what act will bring about the maximum happiness. The reason behind this is that it is through awareness of the developing of humans and human nature that one can understand that what act is morally correct and will actually bring about the maximum happiness for the maximum number of people. These rules also present that a person should increase his level when thinking about happiness. That is happiness should not be restricted to certain things. A person should search for happiness in everything that surrounds him. These things can range from nature to music to history and art. That is a person should be learned and it is through his knowledge that he will be able to find happiness in all these things. An example of education can be considered here as to how much educated an individual is to know about certain facts about life. Being educated would help an individual to distinguish between the higher and lower pleasures in terms of happiness. He would understand as to which pleasures are attainable and which are not. With appropriate education the individuals are able to experience both the lower and higher forms of pleasure through which they can decide as to what they would prefer. With enough education one can know about different things existing in the world and thus individuals can then decide as to which happiness they really want. (Mills 1867; Steward & Blocker 2005). To make his theory even better understood Mill clearly presented the exceptions that implied to this rule of happiness. He explained that though acts like lying and murder are considered to be wrong under normal circumstances but these acts become acceptable under certain conditions. An example to this can be that when a person has to protect himself from a murderer he has a right to act in self defense. Another example which can be considered is a person can lie when the person has to conceal some information from someone who might misuse it and cause great harm. Mill is quoted as â€Å"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain† (Mill 1986 ii). According to the utilitarian position, it is the consequences of an act that matter the most. In this regard, John Stuart Mill who was a

What Does It Mean to Be a Member of Your Generation Essay

What Does It Mean to Be a Member of Your Generation - Essay Example According to Nouwen (26- 28), this generation lacks warmth and trust. Also, this generation will be known for its inwardness, fatherlessness, and convulsiveness by its successors. Too many social triggers stirring instability, religions, dominating figures from media, politics, religion, and society, have made this generation face emotional uncertainty. This confusion makes us, the millennials, withdraw from our social bonds and relations and look out for self-sufficiency. This is precisely the reason why single parents and individuals not looking for serious and legitimate relationships are more common as compared to an earlier generation. It can be seen that this self-centered attitude has made this generation more materialistic that focuses on meeting imminent personal needs only. Also, this need to have self-sufficient support has given rise to a generation that is demanding of its employers the way our predecessors used to be of their caregivers. They only attempt to stay in emp loyment where they are valued and praised by their employers and lack of this amicable relationship makes them look for alternative employment more rapidly as compared to earlier generations. This attitude is also another indication of social restlessness. Another major trait of this generation will be a rejection of the legitimate authority of social key figures as well as institutions. Being a member of this generation makes one more cynical towards social phenomenon and susceptible towards peer pressure. This generation faces anxiety in the pursuit of meeting social standards set by superficial criteria like compliance to current fashion trends and technological advancements. This pre-occupancy with temporary and always changing social criteria has made this generation more susceptible to seeking refuge in the virtual world and shunning regular social contact.

Book Report on Earth in the Balance by Al Gore Essay

Book Report on Earth in the Balance by Al Gore - Essay Example Everyday there is a threat posed to our climate, water, soil, and diversity of plant and animal life. A passionate, lifelong defender of the environment, Gore describes in brave and unforgettable terms how human actions and decisions can endanger or safeguard the vulnerable ecosystem that sustains us. Al Gore's passion for the environment started when he was a boy growing up on a farm. His parents taught him the importance of soil erosion, having to stop river gullies before they got started. His mother read Rachel Carlson's book, Silent Spring in 1962 and he remembers how she told everyone the dangers of pesticide abuse like DDT are doing to the environment. She had emphasized to him and his sister that the book was different from others, and it was important. As a student in college his professor Roger Revelle had introduced the idea of carbon dioxides threat on the global environment. Revelle started sampling the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 1958 only to watch it rise from 315-360 parts per million. The cover of Earth in the Balance is strikingly meaningful in black and red with the globe displayed at the background right. The book mainly touches topics on the globalecologicalsystem, dysfunctionalcivilization, climateequilibrium, and GlobalMarshallPlan. In writing this book, Al Gore said, "The time has long since come to take more political risks - and endure more political criticism - by proposing tougher, more effective solutions and fighting hard for their enactments." The book is arranged into three sections: the first describes the plagues; the second looks at how we got ourselves into this mess; and the final chapters presents solutions. By way of introduction, the book talks about the importance of the 1992 Earth Summit. This was a world-wide meeting to discuss and implement a new generation of global treaties aimed at promoting sustainable economic progress and healing the relationship between civilization and the fragile ecological system of the Earth. At the summit the Bush administration declined to sign the treaty to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, hence disappointing many other countries. The book soonest ships in the desert, talks about Al Gore's many travels and horrifying discoveries that are murdering our environment. First, Al Gore went to the Aral Sea which at one time was the 4th largest and now to an irrigation scheme to grow cotton in the desert it has greatly diminished. Then he spoke of the white sea in 1990 where millions of starfish where killed because the military dumped radioactive waste. All across the world, mysterious mass deaths have been happening in our oceans; some scientists say it is because of accumulated environmental stress. The Trans-Antarctic Mountains was Al Gores next stop to see for himself the studies of the effects of glaciers. He discovered from ice core samples that a small reduction in one country's emissions from the Clean Air Act had changed the amount of pollution found in the remote and least accessible place on Earth. He recounted that in 1989 the Amazon rain forest was being burned to provide pastures for fast food beef. The amount burnt added up to the state of Tennessee, killing thousands of species. According to Al Gore, a record of living species of plants and animals are now vanishing around the world one thousand

The operational issues affected by organisations

The operational issues affected by organisations The following essay looks at discussing the operational issues affecting the organization and identifying the strategic implications Terror Tubes. After read this case study, Terror Tubes is the Australian motor racing industry, they designs and manufactures custom-made high performance automotive exhaust system for Australia motor industry. The business was established by two time motor racing driver Sam Peters in 1974. The first place of business operated in Homebush; in 2000 they relocated to Blocktown. The company manufactures both custom performance and standard system, each being specifically tailored to engine in question. After the company become more famous and sales increased, therefore, company start focus on customer. Terror Tubes start making more popular items private to normal motorists wants to improve their performance. Terror Tubes quickly become Australian car industry distributor. Many problems still occur in Terror Tubes. The finance situation not as good as we s ee, furthermore, Terror tubes made contract with super car have initial stocking and companys reputation grew and sales increased, Terror Tubes got both side supplier and racing industry respected. Thus, few months later the sales of supper car continue increased. The customer systems were always very sensitive on problems on higher sales. However, Sam and Phil look over all the process of terror tubes, customer still would like to buy sales products, in other hand, customer designed system steadily increased, thus, the relative cost keep increase, and costs associated is continue increasing, from accounting found out the company cannot make any good profit as they expected. expensive public warehouse space has been rented, however, Sam is very concerned with increased lead time for custom and standard orders, it going to take long time to delivery, capacity is being pushed, and between both side they have contract. In other side, Phil is also very worried the company is going to ve ry hard to achieve the demand created. Thus , the effect of the new contract with super car , all overall impact this new demand for new systems for the customer. Therefore, the following essay will analyse the production process used by Terror Tubes, and the advantages and disadvantages of new contract for super car and Terror Tube, after will discuss the daily operational decisions required to current operating conditions for the company. Final, the essay will cover the producing financial structure will be discussed. Discussion According to (Gardiner D, 2006) the production process can be defined as the process of converting inputs into outputs. The inputs could be materials, customers, labour, energy, components, ideas, machines or requirements. In other hand, the outputs could be finished products, satisfied customers, or unsatisfied customers, components, subassemblies, developed ideas. The foundation of production process is to find something necessary to add into process that take inputs and transforms them into outputs, if this transformation is performed well so customer will satisfy. The production process is happened various industries ,the inputs include any starting position for a product or service, as an example, a bakery manufacture would have flour,sugar,flavourings,packaging,energy,and people skills, the production process is people mixing ingredients, baking, after cooked packing the bakery, finish all the process distributing to the manufactures, output after all the production process all the flour become buns, bread, muffins, delivered to warehouse or retail stored. This is very simple examples of inputs into outputs process same as service industries. As seen in this case, Terror tubes relocated twice and now the Blocktwon which is currently address is double bigger than old factory in homebush, for the company originally was conceived to supply to motor racing industry specialty exhaust system, after the company focused on custom-built system. Therefore the factory layout group member tube cuters working together, tube bonder in another, a separate sledding section, also the craftspeople will use high tech engineer equipment to provide the flexibility needed for producing custom system. The quality of the finished product reflects the craftsmanship of the individual workers. Both of standard system and custom processing in the same time on same equipment by the sam craftspeople. (Morrroni M, 1992)Furthermore, in Terror Tubes, the quality and demand is very important for this company. Thus, the production process needs to have better support from outside to make this process more successful. Between the Terror Tube with Super Car created new contract, the effective contract involved advantages and disadvantages on Terror Tubes operations, firstly, Terror Tube was originally supply specialty exhaust systems to the motor racing industry, and Super Car is a big distributor and they supplied very high exhaust systems. Therefore, Terror Tubes operation after have the effects of the new contract with Super Car they may need to produce more exhaust systems provided to the Super Car, both of company can have long term trade relationship. The advantage of Terror Tube signed the new contract with Super Car, Terror Tube can make more profit, and make sales increase, and also the productivity will improve as well. Thus, Terror Tubes reputation will grew, more and more demand maybe come from other company. The disadvantage of Terror Tube signed the new contract with Super Car happened in this case is Terror Tube did not achieving the day line, they overtime production ¼Ã…’in addition, Super Car cannot have product to give to the customers, so both side will be not happy with each other including the customer will not satisfied with the supplier. In other hand, Terror Tubes rented very expensive warehouse space, therefore, in this side, the company have to pay lots of money for the rent, they cannot finish the production of the product so they loss profit, cannot make any money, the companys profit margin is very low. Compare both side advantage and disadvantage effects the new contract between Super Car and Terror Tubes ¼Ã…’it is very important for the people working in the company to over read the disadvantages and try to help the company can reach the goals make more advantages. The daily operational decisions required under current operating conditions for the companys operational to run effectively, also Terror Tube leaders need to make lots of decisions to adjust this company. Before make decision the leaders have to very clear what company goals after to achieve goals effectively. First of all, Terror Tubes involved many things to concern such as make daily product decisions. According to (Gardiner D.2006) operations managements are the activities for creating, implementing, and improving process that production process resources, such as raw materials, technologies and labour. And it is to set of decisions across the value chain the support the implementation of higher level business strategies. Therefore, employees should make lots of improvement and try to not waste anything. It is very important for all the employees should know the company roles, and company will be increase the production standard or custom serves (Kim B Oh H, 2005). In addition, before the manufacture start making products. They have to very clearly about all the product, equipment, customer demand, or quantity of the production, be preparing everything to avoid over the due day. (Puig F et al,2009) in this case, Terror Tubes need to operation run effectively, the factory have to prepare all the material, all the equipment is safe also have enough employees come to work for the company. For Terror Tubes this case, they still have engine problems. Rather than with new standard systems no as good we can see, how many product you produce is depends on the markets, somehow, some emergency situations maybe happened the companies have to take seriously concern about. (Fransoo J, 1993) Thus, market price change every day, and more competitors, this is also very important operational decisions for the company in the future. In other hand, we should very careful about market price no matter material or any relate price has increase the price, then Terror Tubes has t o increase the price to maintain make more profit. According to (Seppa R,2007)there more operational decision for the companys operations, for instance, make more advertisements or promotion decision, we can spent little bit money on the advertisements like TV show, magazine, news paper and so on, to promote our product. Furthermore, there is one more operational decision is focusing on different type of group people and trying to sale in different age, gender, different levels, for the company, we have to find very good marker, which is the people sale lots of products. (Seppa R, 2007)One more I think is the most useful one is, find more investor like shareholders or some customer whom interest in this type of investment. Make agreement with them,they may not very good operational decision, but more people more money help the company more successful, the company can reduce and more control the expenses , from another point of view it might lost control, loss profit, or more problem coming up. For instance, in this case, Terror Tubes had really serious problem, they overtime production, most money cannot use, and lots of cost continually increase, so if the Terror Tube found more people join in company, it may reduce the risk of compensation of over time, the company might hire more employees, bring in more equipment to help the factory produce more products. So overtime will not happen in the fureture. And Terror Tube can make more profit, and more demand will keep increase.(Mughal H Osborne R,1995). Last one is effect the move to producing standard systems has had on the companys financial structure. Firstly, the company has not been operating good as we can see, their financial position was very low, they spend lots of money buy a material, and associated expense has increased. Also Terror Tubes rented very expansive warehouse have big space. Therefore, this company financial position not good at all. In this case, as Terror Tubes was supply specialty exhaust systems to the motor racing industry, after they change the line to produce the products to normal cars and had agreement with Super Car, this is advantage for the Terror Tubes, because Super Car is national car industry, might effects on the Terror Tubess financial structure.(Spina G Verganti R,2002).Terror Tubes at beginning keep increase the products on sales, that is attract a lot of customer to buy the products made very good profits. According to (Walters D,2004) in this case, Terror Tubes had start producing differ ent products, so they have to pay the taxes every year. This is not good as they are in bad situations. Therefore, Terror Tube might join other enterprise; it may help the company and increase the financial problems. Conclusion Finally, this essay has been talk about Terror Tubes current production processes, is a manufacture in Australian produce the car exhaust systems to motor racing industry, after the companys reputation grew, more and more demand from customers. Also this essay discussed the advantages and disadvantages on Terror Tubes and Super Car made new contract. It is good when they signed new contract, Super Car have big demand for the products, and help the Terror Tubes make more profit, more promotion. In other hand, many disadvantage happed after this contract, because many demand form customer, manufactory can not finish producing all the products to the customer, which is not good, for instance, Terror Tubes has to produce those products as fast as possible, to keep good relationship between the demand and supplier. Furthermore, the daily operational decisions required under current operations conditions for the companys operations, the decision making by the managers ,production decision should be more quickly, more prepare and price depends on raw material, thus, I gave some of my personal suggestion to this company, find investor whom interest in this kind of business, and make good profit, join in the company help the company to reduce the problem, for example, put more advertisement etc. finally , this article talk about the producing start systems on positive way and negative way, also the companys financial structure. As I mentioned many problems happened in financial position, if Terror Tube might join other enterprise, it may help the company saving the problems, and start makes profit.

The Somalian Child :: essays papers

The Somalian Child There is a child from Somalia, with an old man's face, sitting in the corner of the lounge room. He must have come out of the television set at some time this evening. It's New Year's Eve, and all the stations have been playing condensed highlights of the year -- so many images of poverty and diseases and war from around the globe. Trying to cram so much human misery into a few short hours, it's no wonder, really, that something overflowed. He sits there, huddled in a ball, like a tiny wizened dwarf, behind the corner lounge chair. I don't know when he came out. It could have been any time. The television has been on for a long time. His face is blank. An old man on a child's stick body. I pretend he's not there, of course, and go into the kitchen to make a snack. I am about to bring it back into the lounge room, until I think better of it, and eat it in the kitchen. When I get back, he's still there. It's just as well that I had planned for a quiet New Year's and hadn't invited anybody over, because he smells a bit too. You don't get that when they're on the TV, but it's a smell of old dried cow dung and other things I've never smelled before. The television is still on, and it's still showing news highlights. There are scenes from some civil war in the former Soviet Union. Just to be on the safe side, I turn the channel to an American sit-com. There are some gorgeous looking ladies sitting around a dinner table making risque jokes. Not much chance of having one of them appear in my lounge room, I ponder. Not in real life. They're only actresses. I steal a glance at the Somalian -- but he doesn't seem interested in the show. I stay there watching until the show ends, then the news comes on. It's another highlights of the year program. Naturally. A well-groomed news commentator says, rather pompously, â€Å"Hemingway sat in the Hotel Florida in Spain and wrote passionately about the blood being spilled in the streets below, trying to convey the idealism with which people were fighting and dying.

To what extent do we feel sympathy towards the character of Heathcliff?

Heathcliff through out ‘Wuthering Heights' is a very secluded character. He is introduced as a seven-year-old orphan, probably an Irish famine immigrant. Mr. Earnshaw brings him back to Wuthering Heights. His story, in the words of Nelly Dean, is a â€Å"cuckoo's story†, his presence in Wuthering Heights overthrows the rightful role of the rightful heir, Hareton. The reader's sympathies towards Heathcliff change at different stages, at one point feeling angry with Heathcliff for being so cruel, and then the next feeling sympathetic for his treatment. This talent of Bronte's keeps the reader undecided on Heathcliff, even at the end of the novel the argument exists on whether we as the reader do and should feel sympathy towards Heathcliff. Even on the first night of Heathcliff's arrival he caused jealousy and resentment. He being the reason that Mr. Earnshaw breaks the toys that he has brought for the children. Nelly recorded ‘From the very beginning he bred bad feelings in the house'. Heathcliff usurps the affections of Mr. Earnshaw to the exclusion of Hindley-: ‘The young master had learnt to regard his father as an oppressor rather than a friend. However, just because Hindley is jealous and striving for attention this does not mean it was Heathcliff's fault that Mr. Earnshaw felt favour towards him. In another incident Mr. Earnshaw gives both Hindley and Heathcliff a colt. When Heathcliff' colt goes lame he threatens to blackmail Hindley if he does not swap with him. He then vows ‘I'm trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back,' he continues ‘I don't care how long I have to wait, if only I can do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do! ‘. From the beginning Heathcliff has interrupted a calm family and turned affections upside down, although Hindley is not completely welcoming to Heathcliff the reader can understand him being threatened by a stranger. However, Heathcliff is an innocent child just an orphan. He is viewed as a thing rather than a child; Mrs. Earnshaw was ready to fling it out of doors, he is described as ‘a dirty, ragged, black haired child;' Nelly even claims ‘I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it might be gone on the morrow. ‘ Following the death of Mr. Earnshaw Heathcliff is abandoned to him suffering at the hands of Hindley, this arouses in Heathcliff deep hatred and passion for revenge. Heathcliff is deprived of love, a social life and education; according to Nelly this treatment was ‘enough to make a fiend of a saint. ‘ He is separated from the family, reduced to the status of a servant, forced to become a farmhand, undergoes regular beatings and separated from his one love, Catherine. The personality that Heathcliff develops in adulthood is a result to the deprivation of his childhood. On the other hand Heathcliff becomes consumed with revenge. He never forgets an injury sustained on him at Wuthering Heights, after a three-year absence, this impulse for revenge becomes his overpowering passion. He ruins Hindley by encouraging excessive drinking and gambling, after this he turns his attention to the innocent Hareton; – ‘We'll see if one tree won't grow as crooked as another with the same wind to twist. ‘ Heathcliff intends to achieve revenge on Hindley through his son Hareton by treating the boy in the same way he was treated. Heathcliff even states ‘ I've got him faster than his scoundrel of a father had me, and lower,' However even though Hareton is brought up as a ploughboy and treated worse than Heathcliff he does not turn to revenge, he has innate goodness. ‘the trees do not ‘bend as crooked as one another' even though they ‘have the same wind to shape it'. So even though it could be argued the audience cannot blame Heathcliff for wanting to seek revenge, Hareton learns to manage. The excuse of revenge is not good enough, as this could not be acceptable for everyone doing this. Heathcliff becomes consumed in regret against Edgar Linton, who in his eyes has stolen his Catherine from him. He devises a plan to seek revenge on Edgar. When doing so Heathcliff feels no remorse for the fact he uses Edgar's sister Isabella to his advantage and even torturing her. After marrying Isabella she writes in a letter ‘Is Mr. Heathcliff a man? ‘ ‘If so he is mad? And if not he is a devil? ‘ This being a common feature of Gothic novels, the presentation of the plot through multiple narrators, another being Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, one novel within many stories. The book ‘The Rise of the Gothic Novel' criticises this claiming, ‘†¦ haracters and devices being recycled from one text to the next. ‘ However, in argument to this using different types of narration such as letters or diaries enhances the different viewpoints and experiences of every character, a feature in another successful Gothic Novel ‘Dracula'. Heathcliff goes on to destroy Isabella; she is just a pawn in his game. Heathcliff even admits what he has done and showing no regret. ‘I don't care who knows that the passion was wholly on one side; and I never told her a lie about it. She cannot accuse me of showing one bit of deceitful softness. The first thing she saw me do, on coming out of the Grange, was to hang up her little dog; and when she pleaded for it, the first words I uttered were a wish that I had the hanging of every being belonging to her. ‘ The way he treats Isabella is of great enjoyment for him. ‘The more the worms writhe, the more I yearn to crush the entrails. ‘ This is very graphic for someone who is innocent; he finds it thrilling seeing Isabella in despair. He takes a young and impressionable girl who does not understand and then marries her and taking her away from her home and family to a very secluded and depressing way of life. In objection to this idea perhaps Isabella is not very innocent. She is warned of Heathcliff by Cathy and what he wants her for. ‘he'd crush you, like a sparrow's egg, Isabella ,' This example that Cathy gives could be related to the lapwings that Heathcliff keeps and ends starving to death waiting for Cathy to come back to him, perhaps Isabella will be another lapwing, being trapped in Wuthering Heights. Also Cathy tells ‘I know he could not love a Linton; and yet he'd be quite capable for your fortunes and expectations,' So Isabella was warned but carried on with the infatuation regardless. In argument to this Heathcliff does go to the dramatic and violent extent of turning ‘her blue eyes black' when beating Isabella. One reason for this act on Heathcliff's behalf is because of the way he is treated by the Linton's and the alienation from the life of the Grange. He is reminded of his lesser status when Catherine is welcomed into the Linton household where as he is rejected, made fun of and alienated. His love Cathy has been changed and transformed by the Grange. ‘Why, how very black and grim you look! and how-how funny and grim! But that's because I'm used to Edgar and Isabella Linton. Heathcliff has to cope with the dramatic change of his wild and passionate love, returning and finding him funny compared to her new high class associates. When Catherine marries Edgar this is the breaking point for Heathcliff, he cannot bear to live near them. He then disappears for three years. After over hearing a conversation between Nelly and Cathy where she explains that she cannot marry Heathcliff because of his low status. This leads Heathcliff to believe if he can become a gentleman with wealth he would be acceptable. However this is not the case. To become an important figure at this time the status symbol was property. This is what becomes very important to Heathcliff later, when he tries to marry into the Linton family, to have Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. When he returns with wealth he is still seen as a lower class. On his return Edgar remarks, ‘What, the gypsy- the ploughboy? ‘ This is a typical view of Heathcliff that cannot be changed by wealth. The reader feels very sympathetic for Heathcliff at this point as he was even prepared to change his wild ways and become a sophisticated man for the love of Cathy. Heathcliff then uses Linton to try and gain property. He has no fatherly feelings but is just using his son. His main consideration lies in calculating whether Linton lives long enough to marry Cathy so acquiring Thrushcross Grange-; ‘We calculate it will scarcely last 'till it's eighteen. ‘ Once the marriage has taken place, Linton's life is seen as worthless to Heathcliff-; ‘His life is not worth a farthing, and I won't spend a farthing on him. ‘ Linton like Isabella has just become a pawn in Heathcliff's revengeful game, sympathy is lost for Heathcliff when he can treat others like this. He continues this abuse of Linton when calling his mother a ‘slut' in his presence. A great reason for the reader to feel contempt towards Heathcliff would be his treatment of Cathy. He blames her for Catherine's death, ‘He cursed you, I dare say, for coming into the world (I did, at least. )' He continues to treat Cathy horrifically. He wants to marry Linton to Cathy so arranges for him to meet her and beg her to accompany him to Wuthering Heights by telling her he is scared of Heathcliff. With streaming face and an expression of agony, Linton had thrown his nerveless frame along the ground; he seemed convulsed with exquisite terror. ‘ When Cathy does accompany her cousin Heathcliff imprisons Cathy with Nelly. ‘He shut and locked it also. ‘ Referring to the kitchen door. Cathy then struggles with him for the key, Heathcliff loses his temper and ‘pulling her on his knee, administered, with the other, a shower of terrific slaps on both sides of the head, sufficient to have fulfilled his threat, had she been able to fall. Even though this is the daughter of the woman he claims to live for, he has no compassion for her because she is a Linton, a very selfish attitude to an innocent sixteen-year old. Cathy even begs for her release to be with her dying father, ‘If Papa thought I had left him, on purpose; and if he died before I returned, could I bear to live? ‘ even after pleading to him, Heathcliff continues to keep her prisoner until the next morning. There is however another side of the character of Heathcliff. At no point in the novel can the reader doubt his eternal love and wild passion for Catherine. His love survives her rejection of him-; ‘It would degrade me to marry Mr. Heathcliff' and despite her marriage to Edgar, Heathcliff's love for continues undaunted. Heathcliff suffers much emotional rejection, but at no point does he waiver in his loyalty to her-; ‘I seek no revenge on you†¦ the tyrant grinds down his slaves and they don't turn against him, they crush those beneath them. ‘ His genuine concern for Catherine prevents him from exacting direct revenge from Edgar. He comments to Catherine-; ‘I would have died by witches before I would have touched a single hair of his head. When hearing of Catherine's illness, he exclaims-; ‘Existence after loosing her would be hell. ‘ Even though she has another husband and left him for the sophistication of Thrushcross Grange he could still not bear to live with out her in his world. Catherine also torments Heathcliff even in death, although her spirit remains Heathcliff's ability to love life is gone. As his own death approaches, he confesses to Nelly the extent of Catherine's hold over him, even though she has been dead eighteen years. ‘I cannot look down into the floor, her features are shaped in the flags†¦ n every cloud, in every tree. ‘ He is angry at the fact that Catherine can abandon him in a world without her he feels no love, ‘Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy?.. you love me, what right do you have to leave me? ‘ The sense of despair Heathcliff feels as a tormented unnatural and hopeless existence, ‘I cannot live without my love, I cannot live without my soul. ‘ He and Cathy are one, they are the natural existence of the Moors, and neither can survive without the other or the natural environment they require to live. This wild and arid landscape for the setting of Heathcliff's and Cathy's love being due to the upbringing of Emily Bronte. Charlotte, Emily and Anne grew up in Haworth Parsonage, an area of Pennine upland in West Yorkshire. This gives reason for the wild and rugged landscape in ‘Wuthering Heights', as this is where Emily grew up and was all that she knew. Nelly later describes Heathcliff's grieving as ‘he howled not like a man, but like a savage beast being goaded to death with knives and spears. Heathcliff feels he belongs with Cathy in both body and spirit and arranges with the Sexton to be buried beside her. Life for him is ‘like bending back a stiff spring'. This typical natural imagery is used through out this book describing the passionate and wild love of Catherine and Heathcliff. Perhaps the key quote of this variety being, ‘my love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath†¦ Nelly I am Heathcliff -he's always in my mind-‘. These tw o characters echo constantly comments of their love for each other. However, Heathcliff is obsessed in Catherine, he should not punish innocent characters for the bitterness he feels for being abandoned by Catherine. Perhaps it could be argued that he is unrealistic about his love for Catherine. It is incestuous, and would be harshly looked upon in terms of class. It could be viewed that Catherine was just realistic that the relationship would be illegitimate. When discussing this with Nelly she asks ‘did it never strike you that, if Heathcliff and I married, we would be beggars? Or perhaps if Catherine loves Heathcliff as much as she claims, social status would not make a difference to her, especially as their love is so wild and un- tamed. According to an article in the ‘Scots Magazine' of June 1797 this is a common fault found in gothic love stories. ‘women in these novels tend to form an attachment to persons unworthy of their affection, and thus to hurry them into marriages terminating in their unhappiness. ‘ This theme o f social powerlessness and females not being able to inherit was felt very strongly for Emily, Charlotte and Anne Bronte. They would not be married, as this would rob them of their personal and property rights. Branwell, their brother would inherit everything their was even though he wasted all his and the family's money on drink, drugs and gambling. (Perhaps a refection of him in the character Hindley. ) This injustice can be noted in many of the sister's texts, highlighting their objection to this social rule. Charlotte in ‘Jayne Eyre' and ‘Vilette' discusses the unattractive opportunity of a female trying to make a living through education, as does Anne in ‘Agnes Grey'. This being of a Marxist Feminist approach. Women being dominated and oppressed through property and wealth. Fran Ansley and Margaret Benston, two Marxist feminists agree that through the power that men had at this time, women had no power or no other ways to be successful other then to be married. However the haunting and gothic image of Heathcliff the reader is left with, of his death, does not cause sympathy. ‘Those deep black eyes! That smile and ghastly paleness! It appeared to me not Mr Heathcliff, but a goblin;' This is a typical gothic description, darkness and pale skin, a haunting vampire like description. Also, eyes through out this novel are often described. Eyes are seen as windows into the soul, this is supported by Dorothy Van Ghent who has ‘famously argued the various windows and barriers serve both to separate and connect polar opposites: inside and outside; human and ghost. ‘ Also, this could apply to different eyes for the Earnshaw's, ‘the Earnshaw's handsome dark eyes' and Linton's. ‘vacant blue eyes of the Linton's'. Heathcliff being described as a ‘typical Gothic Protagonist' means the reader must feel sympathy towards him, as this is a critical ingredient. He is dark, demonic, mysterious and cruel, with his dwelling of Wuthering Heights echoing his personality. He has a mysterious past, often compared to a demonic figure, ‘lying fiend', with typical dark hair, eyes and features. The final quality needed being in spite of his cruelty and destructiveness, he generates a degree of sympathy. After never being taught love, being abused and losing his loved ones, Catherine and Mr. Earnshaw, who the only people to ever show him affection it could be claimed that Heathcliff could not be blamed for the way he was. The passionate and violent environment shaped him into the fiend that he was. However, this can only be an explanation to a certain extent. When Heathcliff returns after his three-year absence he has become a super-human villain driven by revenge. This later Heathcliff is callous with incapacity to love and eventually being consumed with hatred and revenge. In summing up every individual reader will decide on his or her own opinion of Heathcliff, the argument is so balanced it is impossible to judge. Perhaps he is innocent and tortured of love out of his control, but the argument then falls onto the innocent characters such as Isabella and Cathy. Emily Bronte manages with great complexity to keep the compassion of the reader up and down. She manages to transform Heathcliff from a villain to a victim in a chapter, which keeps the character alive; otherwise he may have come across as desperate and then monotonous. Heathcliff is a character of depth and complexity and cannot be judged, therefore the sympathy of the reader varies so much.